Physiological and reproductive consequences of human disturbance in Humboldt penguins: The need for species-specific visitor management

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Concentration of fecal cortisol metabolites in chamois in relation to tourist pressure in Tatra National Park (South Poland) (2013, background): “For instance, some penguin species seem to fast habituate to tourists (Walker et al. 2006), whereas others are extremely sensitive and thus, a difficult focal species for ecotourism (Ellenberg et al. 2006).”
The humboldt current system of northern and central chile : Oceanographic processes, ecological interactions and socioeconomic feedback (2007, background): “At present, introduced mammals and unregulated tourism (Ellenberg et al. 2006) are a major problem.”
Hematological differences between stingrays at tourist and non-visited sites suggest physiological costs of wildlife tourism. (2009, background): “…short-term behavioural responses are insufficient indicators of impacts of anthropogenic disturbance, as moderated responses may not be attributable to habituation but rather due to the absence of sensitive individuals which have already left (Bejder et al., 2006b; Ellenberg et al., 2006).”
Behavioural responses to human‐induced environmental change (2011, background): “Similarly, the presence of tourists causes stress responses in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti), such as higher heart rate and increased energy expenditure, which increase the probability that the birds will desert their nests (Ellenberg et al., 2006).”