Hematological differences between stingrays at tourist and non-visited sites suggest physiological costs of wildlife tourism.

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Subfields: Ecology

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The effects of shark cage-diving operations on the behaviour and movements of white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, at the Neptune Islands, South Australia (2013, background): “2006), impoverished body condition and physiological indications of impaired health (Orams 1995; Semeniuk and Rothley 2008; Semeniuk et al. 2009) as well as impacts on local, non-target species (Vignon et al.”
Stable isotope analysis as a tool for elasmobranch conservation research: a primer for non-specialists (2012, background): “For example, heightened intraspecific competition in response to a steady anthropogenic source of food resulted in acute physiological stress in southern stingrays (Semeniuk et al. 2009).”
Biological effects, conservation potential, and research priorities of shark diving tourism. (2015, background): “…tourism can have sublethal physiological impacts on animals which can in turn impact important aspects of animal function such respiration, stress management, reproductive success, and body condition (e.g., McClung et al., 2004; Müllner et al., 2004; Bejder et al., 2006; Semeniuk et al., 2009).”