Self-Esteem and Body Satisfaction in Male and Female Elementary School, High School, and University Students

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Mass Media and Self-Esteem, Body Image, and Eating Disorder Tendencies (2007, background): “For example, Frost and McKelvie (2004) found a significant relationship between self-esteem and bodycathexis (a measure of body satisfaction) for children, adolescents, and adults.”
Body Dissatisfaction in Adolescent Boys and Girls: Objectified Body Consciousness, Internalization of the Media Body Ideal and Perceived Pressure from Media (2008, background): “Frost and McKelvie 2004 ) and that self-esteem is a significant prospective predictor of body dissatisfaction in girls (Paxton et al. 2006).”
Age and Gender Effects on Resilience in Children and Adolescents (2007, background): “Most studies of developmental change have found that increases in individual resilience factors such as self-esteem are age-dependent among children and adolescents (aged 5 to 17 years) (Bolognini, Plancherel, Bettwshart, & Halfon, 1996; Frost & McKelvie, 2004; Watkins, Dong, & Xia, 1997).”
High School Sport Participation and Subsequent Psychological Well-Being and Physical Activity: The Mediating Influences of Body Image, Physical Competence, and Instrumentality (2009, background): “After being exposed to such messages for so many years, it is no wonder that most women are dissatisfied with their bodies (Garner 1997) and have lower self-worth than men ( Frost and McKelvie 2004 ).”