Risk Factors of Cholangiocarcinoma

By Gia L. Tyson, H. B. EL‐SERAG. Hepatology, 2011

972 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy after hepatocellular cancer. CC accounts for approximately 10%‐25% of all hepatobiliary malignancies. There are considerable geographic and demographic variations in the incidence of CC. There are several established risk factors for CC, including parasitic infections, primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary‐duct cysts, hepatolithiasis, and toxins. Other less‐established potential risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and host genetic polymorphisms. In studies where the distinction between intra‐ and extrahepatic CC was used, some potential risk factors seem to have a differential effect on CC, depending on the site. Therefore, the consistent use of a more refined classification would allow a better understanding of risk factors for CC. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)

Subfields: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Surgery

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/18663b3b4f0c0d05083e27076406d257925c9ee7

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In Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine

1. Sumera I. Ilyas
2. G. Gores

In Surgery

1. Sumera I. Ilyas
2. J. Llovet
3. G. Gores

Citations in the corpus

• Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. (2014, background): “Unfortunately, studies examining potential risk factors often do not differentiate between iCCA, pCCA or dCCA and so the effects of different risk factors on CCA sub-types are unclear [21].”
• Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma (2013, background): “Additional studies have associated variants of genes that regulate DNA repair, inflammation, and carcinogen metabolism with CCA development.(8) Further studies are necessary to verify these potential associations.”
• The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Fibrosis in Liver Cancer (2016, background): “Similar to HCC, the risk for development of CCA is also significantly increased by chronic liver disease, for example, in patients with chronic HBV or HCV infections, but to a much lesser degree than for HCC (174).”
• Chronic Inflammation and Cytokines in the Tumor Microenvironment (2014, background): “There are several factors that increase the risk for CCA, including primary sclerosing cholangitis, parasitic infection, biliary-duct cysts, hepatolithiasis, viral infection, and toxins [23, 216].”
• Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma: an update (2012, background): “Likely risk factors Less established but likely risk factors for CC include cirrhosis of any cause and chronic viral hepatitis B or C.(19) A combination of recent cohort, population-based, case-control and observational studies from around the world suggest that obesity, diabetes, fatty liver diseas”