The Role of Race and Ethnicity in Juvenile Justice Processing

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Contexts of Decision Making in the Juvenile Justice System: An Organizational Approach to Understanding Minority Overrepresentation (2010, background): “Nevertheless, prior record has previously been found to affect adjudicatory outcomes (Bishop, 2005; Farrell & Swigert, 1978).”
Racism Without Racists (2003, unknown): “Black youth aged ten to seventeen, who constitute 15 percent of American youth, account for 25 percent of arrests (Bishop 2005).”
From Child Welfare to Juvenile Justice (2013, background): “Of course, the well-documented racial bias in detention and placement decisions (see Bishop, 2005) suggests that African American youth are more likely to be detained and placed than White youth; thus, it is important to keep in mind that it is not a perfect measure of delinquency.”
Being Young and Black (2008, background): “…race and age effects at both intake and judicial disposition, although not in the expected direction, further highlights two of the stages in juvenile court proceedings at which discretion, rather than legal criteria, is most influential and reliance on stereotypes is most prevalent (Bishop, 2005).”