Anticipated Stigma and Stigma Management Among Those to be Labeled “Ex-con”

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Stigmatization of Sex Offenders (2012, background): “And, it is not only sex offenders who experience stigmatization, in fact among incarcerated criminal offenders of numerous varieties an expectation of being socially stigmatized upon release is common (Winnick and Bodkin 2008).”
Still blaming the victim of intimate partner violence? Women’s narratives of victim desistance and redemption when seeking support (2016, background): “…being a victim of IPV Stigmatization has primarily been researched and conceptualized in relation to undesirable traits and characteristics, such as mental illnesses, disabilities, addictions, criminal behavior or sexual orientation (LeBel, 2008; Link and Phelan, 2001; Winnick and Bodkin, 2008).”
If One Doesn’t Get You Another One Will (2012, background): “…1997; Luoma et al., 2007; Young, Stuber, Ahern, & Galea, 2005), persons living with physical disabilities (Hebl & Kleck, 2000; Taub, McLorg, & Fanflik, 2004), and individuals with a history of incarceration (LeBel, in press; van Olphen, Eliason, Freudenberg, & Barnes, 2009; Winnick & Bodkin, 2008).”
Invisible Stripes? Formerly Incarcerated Persons' Perceptions of Stigma (2012, background): “Winnick and Bodkin (2008) found that white prisoners perceived more stigma toward ex-convicts than did African-American prisoners, while Harris (1976) found that whites were more susceptible to the labeling effects of incarceration as compared to African Americans.”