A review of diet formulation strategies and feeding systems to reduce excretory and feed wastes in aquaculture
By C. Cho, D. Bureau. 2001
366 citations recorded by the source corpus.
AbstractSignificant efforts should be devoted to reducingwaste outputs from aquaculture operations in orderto lower the environmental impacts of aquaculturein many parts of the world. Since most aquaculturewastes are ultimately from dietary origin, reductionof waste outputs should first be through improve-ments of diet formulation and feeding strategies.The first step in the production of feeds producingless solid waste is to eliminate poorly digestibleingredients (such as whole grain or grain by-products used as binders and fillers in the feedformulae) and to use highly digestible ingredientswith good binding properties. Further reduction ofsolid waste can then be achieved through carefulselection of the ingredients to improve apparentdigestibility and the nutrient balance of the feed.Nitrogen waste outputs can be reduced through thereduction of the digestible protein to digestibleenergy (DP/DE) ratio of the diet. Phosphorus wasteoutputs can be reduced through careful selection ofthe ingredients and optimization of the digestiblephosphorus content of the diet to meet therequirement of the fish but avoid greatly exceedingthis required level. Finally, feeding practices thatminimize feed wastage should be adopted since feedwastage can have a very significant impact onwaste outputs from fish culture operations.Keywords: aquaculture, waste, feed, feedingIntroductionOvert the past decade, the environmental impacts ofaquaculture operations have become a matter ofconcern for the public, the various levels ofgovernment and the aquaculture producers them-selves. Minimizing environmental impacts is there-fore a key factor in insuring long-term sustainabilityof the aquaculture industry.Containment and collection of wastes, both solidand dissolved, is very difficult and costly inaquaculture, as the wastes are rapidly dispersedinto the surrounding waters. The release of solidwastes, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) fromaquaculture operations may have significant eutro-phication effects on receiving waterbodies andassociated ecosystems (Persson 1991). P wasteoutputs are a greater concern in freshwater sinceP is generally the most limiting factor for plant(algae) in that environment. N waste outputs aregenerally a greater concern in the marine environ-ment for the same reason (Persson 1991). Solidwastes (faecal material and wasted feed) settling tothe sediment can have an impact on the benthicecosystem of inland and marine waters (Gowen,Weston & Ervik 1991). Degradation of organicwaste by bacteria and other organisms leads to theconsumption of oxygen (O
Subfields: Aquatic Science, Immunology
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Citations in the corpus
- Phytases and Phytase-Labile Organic Phosphorus in Manures and Soils (2013, background): “The use of phytase in the diet of monogastric animals is a current well studied practice that significantly increases phytate P degradation and absorption, hence reducing the phytate output and total P concentration in manures (Cho and Bureau, 2001; Haefner et al., 2005; Mullaney et al., 2000; Sebas”
- Hermetia illucens meal as fish meal replacement for rainbow trout on farm (2017, background): “It is generally acknowledged that increasing dietary digestible energy at constant protein content, to a certain point, leads to an improved protein utilisation, the so-called protein sparing effect (Cho and Bureau, 2001; De Silva et al., 1990; Einen and Roem, 1997; Steffens, 1981).”
- Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture through Nutrient Recycling and Circular Economies: More Fish, Less Waste, Blue Growth (2021, background): “The amount and type of discarded material produced from aquaculture depends on factors including dietary supplementation, the metabolism and feeding habits of the farmed species, and consequently feed conversion efficiencies (i.e. FCR; Cho and Bureau 2001; Bureau and Hua 2010; Amirkolaie 2011).”
- Effect of type of binder on growth, digestibility, and energetic balance of Octopus maya (2008, background): “Some experiments have been reported on the incorporation level of alginate used to bind feed or to get firmer feces when emitted into the water to reduce pollution (Cho and Bureau, 2001; Brinker et al., 2005).”
- Bacillus velezensis AP193 exerts probiotic effects in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and reduces aquaculture pond eutrophication (2019, background): “Unused phytate and other feed-derived nutrients will ultimately be released as fish waste and contribute to the eutrophication of the aquaculture pond ecosystem (Cho and Bureau, 2001).”
- Discharge of nutrient wastes from salmon farms: environmental effects, and potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (2012, background): “…et al. 1999, Opstvedt et al. 2003, Azevedo et al. 2011), but the value of AEP is more uncertain, partly because of the wide variety of molecular P species that are incorporated in pellet feeds with a high agricultural product content (Cho & Bureau 2001, Hua & Bureau 2006, Azevedo et al. 2011).”
- Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth performance of marbled spinefoot rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus (2011, background): “Increasing digestible energy content in fish diets by increasing mainly dietary lipid and less often carbohydrate levels is a common nutritional strategy to spare proteins without compromising growth (Cho and Bureau, 2001).”