The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression

By Michael Maes, Raz Yirmyia, Jens Noraberg, S. Brené, J. Hibbeln, G. Perini, M. Kubera, P. Bob, B. Lerer, M. Maj. Metabolic brain disease, 2009

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Clinical Research with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and Future Directions (2011, positive): “Additional biomarkers used in neuropsychiatry include inflammatory proteins such as interleucin-1, interleucin-6, and TNF-alpha(137); hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, which is measured by serum and salivary cortisol(138); and oxidative stress proteins such as nitric oxide and other neuroinfl”
A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the (neuro)degenerative processes in that illness. (2011, methodology): “Therefore, a lowered antioxidant capacity may impair the protection against ROS/RNS, which eventually may cause oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation) and DNA, and nitrosative damage to proteins (Maes et al., 2009a,b,c).”
The Bidirectional Relationship of Depression and Inflammation: Double Trouble (2020, background): “, 2017) that proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins are increased in MDD patients, with a fairly unanimous consensus of increases in IL-6, TNF, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the blood of MDD patients compared to healthy controls (Maes et al., 2009; Miller et al., 2009; Stewart et al., ”