Wire and arc additive manufacturing of HSLA steel: Effect of thermal cycles on microstructure and mechanical properties

By T. A. Rodrigues, V. Duarte, J. Avila, Telmo G. Santos, R. Miranda, J. P. Oliveira. Additive Manufacturing, 2019

314 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Abstract Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a viable technique for the manufacture of large and complex dedicated parts used in structural applications. High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels are well-known for their applications in the tool and die industries and as power-plant components. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-built parts are investigated, and are correlated with the thermal cycles involved in the process. The heat input is found to affect the cooling rates, interlayer temperatures, and residence times in the 800–500 °C interval when measured using an infrared camera. The microstructural characterization performed by scanning electron microscopy reveals that the microstructural constituents of the sample remain unchanged. i.e., the same microstructural constituents—ferrite, bainite, martensite, and retained austenite are present for all heat inputs. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis shows that no preferential texture has been developed in the samples. Because of the homogeneity in the microstructural features of the as-built parts, the mechanical properties of the as-built parts are found to be nearly isotropic. Mechanical testing of samples shows excellent ductility and high mechanical strength. This is the first study elucidating on the effect of thermal cycles on the microstructure and mechanical properties during WAAM of HSLA steel.

Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Mechanical Engineering

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/15c7ee2023214c0473bb0cf107f845581080ceee

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Automotive Engineering

1. Telmo G. Santos
2. J. P. Oliveira
3. V. Duarte
4. T. A. Rodrigues
5. R. Miranda
6. M. Laleh
7. M. Moyle
8. S. Primig

In Mechanical Engineering

1. J. P. Oliveira
2. Telmo G. Santos
3. R. Miranda
4. Volker Wesling
5. Kai Treutler
6. V. Duarte
7. T. A. Rodrigues
8. M. Laleh

Citations in the corpus

• Current Status and Perspectives on Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (2019, background): “Therefore, the intrinsic characteristics of WAAM are beneficial to avoid the aforementioned problems, though others may occur, such as overaging or precipitation of undesired phases as a result of the complex thermal cycles experienced during samples build up [76].”
• The Current State of Research of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM): A Review (2021, background): “This trend in research leads to the usage of more advanced high-strength materials like ER90S [53,189,201], ER110S-G [209,236] or ER120S [62,196,201], but other grades are studied as well, such as ER55-Ni2 [210].”
• Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges (2020, methodology): “Technol 1:2011–2018 [206] Rodrigues TA, Duarte V, Avila JA, Santos TG, Miranda R,”
• Revisiting fundamental welding concepts to improve additive manufacturing: From theory to practice (2020, background): “[199] showed that the heat input can be used not only to control the waviness of thin walls, but also the existing phases and grain size.”
• In-situ strengthening of a high strength low alloy steel during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) (2020, background): “Previous work on WAAM of this HSLA steel [5] showed that this temperature occurs multiple times in the already deposited layers due to the consecutive cycles of reheating experienced during sample build-up.”