Artificial Intelligence Illuminated

By Ben Coppin. 2004

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A Review of Convolutional Neural Network Applied to Fruit Image Processing (2020, methodology): “• Hyperbolic Tangent (tanh) function: the tanh function has similar form to Sigmoid function [9,10], as it is depicted in Figure 5c, but the range is [−1, 1].”
An Introduction to Machine Learning (2017, background): “The interested reader is referred to textbooks of Artificial Intelligence, of which perhaps the most comprehensive is Russell and Norvig [84] or Coppin [17].”
A scoping review of artificial intelligence in medical education: BEME Guide No. 84 (2024, background): “’ Intelligence is most often defined as ‘ human-like ’ in its ability to make decisions, learn from mistakes, generate insights, or understand language (Coppin 2004).”
Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Review (2020, background): “tenet of AI, as the name intimates, is having some level of intelligence, a characteristic that has only been the preserve of human beings until the onset of AI [4], [5], [7], [11], [16], [24], [35].”