Use of bottom-mounted echo sounders in exploring behavior of mesopelagic fishes

By S. Kaartvedt, A. Røstad, T. Klevjer, A. Staby. 2009

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Acoustic biomass estimation of mesopelagic fish: backscattering from individuals, populations, and communities (2015, background): “We assumed gas volumes sufficient for neutral buoyancy at all depths based upon observations of torpid, non-sinking mesopelagic fish at depth (Barham, 1971; Kaartvedt et al., 2009) and unpublished observations of constant Sv in vertically migrating layers.”
Efficient trawl avoidance by mesopelagic fishes causes large underestimation of their biomass (2012, methodology): “Two mesopelagic fish species prevail in Masfjorden: Maurolicus muelleri dominates in the upper 200 m, while Benthosema glaciale is mostly distributed below 200 m and is the prevailing species below ~250 m (Kaartvedt et al. 2009, Staby et al. 2011, Dypvik et 2012).”
Southern elephant seal foraging success in relation to temperature and light conditions: insight into prey distribution (2014, background): “…species are known to be actively feeding during both day and night, several studies have shown that during the day myctophids tend to aggregate in denser schools, behaving more lethargically, possibly making them more vulnerable to predation (Barham 1966, Kinzer et al. 1993, Kaartvedt et al. 2009).”