Acoustic biomass estimation of mesopelagic fish: backscattering from individuals, populations, and communities

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The biomass distribution on Earth (2018, background): “The mesopelagic fish community is highly diverse, and thus using a “characteristic” target strength per unit biomass inserts significant uncertainty to the final estimate (166).”
Quantifying carbon fluxes from primary production to mesopelagic fish using a simple food web model (2019, background): “Acoustic estimates exceed those of trawls (Koslow et al., 1997; Kloser et al., 2009; Davison et al., 2015a) although the associated uncertainties are nevertheless substantial, arising from difficulties with interpreting the resonance of gas-filled swim bladders that are present not only in fish,…”
From siphonophores to deep scattering layers: uncertainty ranges for the estimation of global mesopelagic fish biomass (2019, background): “Resonant scattering will be provoked routinely in surveys at 38kHz of mesopelagic ﬁsh and siphonophores when the equivalent spherical radius (the radius of a sphere equal in volume to the prolate spheroid) of the gas bladder is within (cid:2) 0.4–1mm (Davison et al. , 2015; Kloser et al. , 2016).”