A Length Polymorphism in the Circadian Clock Gene Per3 is Linked to Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome and Extreme Diurnal Preference CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

By S. Archer, Donna L. Robilliard, D. Skene, M. Smits, A. Williams, J. Arendt, M. Schantz, Guildford Gu. 2003

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About sleep's role in memory. (2013, background): “Homozygosis for the 5-repeat allele (PER3) has been repeatedly associated with morning preferences (morning types) compared with homozygotes for the 4-repeat allele (PER3) and heterozygotes (PER3) (41, 61, 349, 609, 874, 917), as well as with increased SWS percentage and SWA during non-REM sleep and”
Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. (2007, background): “…an association between certain variants of Per2, and CK1δ with FASPS; Per3, CLOCK, and CK1ε with DSPS; and Per1, Per2, Per3 and CLOCK with diurnal preference (Katzenberg et al., 1998;Iwase et al., 2002;Archer et al., 2003;Johansson et al., 2003;Takano et al., 2004;Carpen et al., Pharmacol Ther.”
A marker for the end of adolescence. (2004, background): “The chronotype depends on genetic [4,5] and environmental factors [3] but also on age [3,6–9].”
Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization. (2004, unknown): “DSPS represents the most common circadian sleep disorder and is more frequently reported among young adults.”
Melatonin--a pleiotropic, orchestrating regulator molecule. (2011, background): “It is associated with extreme diurnal preference and occurrence of the delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) (Ebisawa et al., 2001; Archer et al., 2003; Pereira et al., 2005; Groeger et al., 2008; Viola et al., 2008; Ellis et al., 2009; Dijk and Archer, 2010).”