Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers.

By P. Bach, M. Kattan, M. Thornquist, M. Kris, R. Tate, M. Barnett, L. Hsieh, C. Begg. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2003

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Tobacco carcinogens, their biomarkers and tobacco-induced cancer (2003, background): “Only a fraction of tobacco users develop cancer, and a predictive risk model for lung cancer has been described recentl”
Selection Criteria for Lung-Cancer Screening (2013, neutral): “Predictor variables considered for entry into the model included risk factors for lung cancer recognized in the literature and PLCOM2012.(6,15-19) Model development was guided by predictive performance and was not limited to predictors with a P value of less than 0.”
Machine learning applications in cancer prognosis and prediction (2014, background): “The integration of features such as family history, age, diet, weight, high-risk habits and exposure to environmental carcinogens play a critical role in predicting the development of cancer [38 – 40].”
Guidelines for management of small pulmonary nodules detected on CT scans: a statement from the Fleischner Society. (2005, background): “Also, the cancer risk for smokers increases in proportion to the degree and duration of exposure to cigarette smoke (38).”