Optimal Coordination of Variable Speed Limits to Suppress Shock Waves

By Andreas Hegyi, B. Schutter, J. Hellendoorn. IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print), 2005

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Model predictive control for optimal coordination of ramp metering and variable speed limits (2005, methodology): “To approximate the on/off switching a similar approach is used as in Hegyi et al. (2004): the real-valued control signal r msm ( k ) that results from one MPC iteration is rounded as where UB msm ∈ [0 , 1] represents the fastest metering rate, achieving the maximum ﬂow during main-stream metering…”
Optimal Perimeter Control for Two Urban Regions With Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams: A Model Predictive Approach (2013, methodology): “guidance for freeway networks in [23] and [24], signal control for large-scale urban networks in [25]–[27], and mixed urban and freeway networks in [28].”
Dissipation of stop-and-go waves via control of autonomous vehicles: Field experiments (2017, background): “Such systems include variable speed advisory (VSA) or variable speed limits (VSL) [28, 29, 30, 31, 32], which are commonly implemented through signs on overhead gantries, and ramp metering [33, 34, 35], which relies on trafﬁc signals on freeway entrance ramps.”