Chronic toxicity of nitrate to Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: Impacts on survival, growth, antennae length, and pathology

By D. Kuhn, Stephen A. Smith, G. Boardman, M. Angier, L. Marsh, G. Flick. 2010

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Effect of calcium hydroxide, carbonate and sodium bicarbonate on water quality and zootechnical performance of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in bio-flocs technology (BFT) systems (2011, background): “N accumulated during the experiment in all treatments, and the mean concentrations remained below 60 mg/L; however, all treatments showed maximum values of above 60 mg/L. Kuhn et al. (2010) reported the negative effect of NO3–”
The importance of behaviour in improving the production of shrimp in aquaculture (2018, background): “…of 880 non-beneficial effects, such as immune suppression and disease incidence (Liu & Chen 881 2004), physical damage (e.g. hepatopancreas, gills) (Kuhn et al. 2010; Furtado et al. 2015), 882 cessation of feeding and growth (Frías-Espericueta et al. 2000), which result in higher 883 37 mortality…”
Toxic Effects of Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate to Decapod Crustaceans: A Review on Factors Influencing their Toxicity, Physiological Consequences, and Coping Mechanisms (2013, background): “The effects of nitrate-N on the growth and development to crustaceans are limited, and to our knowledge, restricted to M. rosenbergii over progressive larval stages (Mallesen et al., 2004) and L. vannamei juveniles (Kuhn et al., 2010).”