AMPK and TOR: The Yin and Yang of Cellular Nutrient Sensing and Growth Control.
By Asier González González, Michael N. Hall, Sheng-Cai Lin, D. Hardie. Cell Metabolism, 2020
652 citations recorded by the source corpus.
The AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and TOR (target-of-rapamycin) pathways are interlinked, opposing signaling pathways involved in sensing availability of nutrients and energy and regulation of cell growth. AMPK (Yin, or the "dark side") is switched on by lack of energy or nutrients and inhibits cell growth, while TOR (Yang, or the "bright side") is switched on by nutrient availability and promotes cell growth. Genes encoding the AMPK and TOR complexes are found in almost all eukaryotes, suggesting that these pathways arose very early during eukaryotic evolution. During the development of multicellularity, an additional tier of cell-extrinsic growth control arose that is mediated by growth factors, but these often act by modulating nutrient uptake so that AMPK and TOR remain the underlying regulators of cellular growth control. In this review, we discuss the evolution, structure, and regulation of the AMPK and TOR pathways and the complex mechanisms by which they interact.
Subfields: Molecular Biology, Plant Science
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/11d051f4cb416c3baf1cef72e76fb7ac2f888660
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Citations in the corpus
- Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism (2021, background): “Much of the signaling by AMPK and mTOR, the master regulators of cellular metabolism, and control of their activity occurs on the lysosomal membrane (Gonzalez et al., 2020; Herzig and Shaw, 2018; Jia et al., 2018; Jia et al., 2020a; Lin and Hardie, 2018; Liu and Sabatini, 2020).”
- Aging and aging-related diseases: from molecular mechanisms to interventions and treatments (2022, background): “AMPK and mTOR signaling are interlinked and sense opposing nutrient states, regulate opposite metabolic processes, and regulate cell growth.(188) Generally, AMPK turns off mTORC1 signaling when the energy status of cells is compromised.”