The effect of sex ratio and male age structure on reindeer calving

By Ø. Holand, K. Røed, A. Mysterud, J. Kumpula, M. Nieminen, Martin E. Smith. 2003

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Empirical Evidence of Density- Dependence in Populations of Large Herbivores (2009, background): “In moose (Solberg et al., 2002) and reindeer (Holand et al., 2003), male age‐structure affects female pregnancy rates and fetal sex ratio— two parameters that can directly influence population growth rate.”
The role of males in the dynamics of ungulate populations (2002, background): “At present, there are only a few manipulations that have attempted to differentiate the two or take into account other possible confounding factors such as density or the age structure of the female populations (Sæther et al. 2001; Holand et al. 2003).”
Effects of age, density and sex ratio on reproductive effort in male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) (2003, unknown): “Study area and experimental animals The study was conducted at the Kutharju Field Reindeer Research Station, in Kaamanen, Finland (69◦N, 27◦E) (Holand et al., 2003).”
Ageing and reproductive effort in male moose under variable levels of intrasexual competition (2005, background): “2002), there are also indirect effects on calving rates and dates due to changes in the behavioural ecology of rutting (e.g. Laurian et al. 2000; Holand et al. 2003; Sæther et al. 2003; review in Mysterud et al. 2002).”