Swing Ratios and Ensemble Timing in Jazz Performance: Evidence for a Common Rhythmic Pattern

By A. Friberg, Andreas Sundström. 2002

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Music Performance Research at the Millennium (2003, background): “Performances by jazz giants such as Louis Armstrong (Collier and Collier, 2002), Chet Baker, Art Farmer, Miles Davis and John Coltrane (Ashley, 2002), Tony Williams and Jack DeJohnette (Friberg and Sundström, 2002), Thelonius Monk and Ahmad Jamal (Iyer, 2002), and various jazz pianists (Busse, 2002)”
PRODUCTION AND SYNCHRONIZATION OF UNEVEN RHYTHMS AT FAST TEMPI (2005, background): “Friberg and Sundström (2002) showed that the “swing ratio” of jazz drummers (nominally a 1:1 ratio) varied from 1:1 to 3:1 as a function of tempo.”
Tempo and Rhythm (2010, background): “Across studies JNDs for single-interval sequences are typically on the order of 6%, while JNDs for multiple-interval sequences are sometimes less than about 2% (Michon 1964; Drake and Botte 1993; Friberg and Sundberg 1995 ).”
THE EFFECT OF MICROTIMING DEVIATIONS ON THE PERCEPTION OF GROOVE IN SHORT RHYTHMS (2013, methodology): “The ratio between the long and short events—the so-called ‘‘swing-ratio’’—was shown to vary with tempo, with slower tempi having a higher ratio than faster tempi where the ratio approaches unity (Friberg & Sundstro¨m, 2002).”