Biofilm in Implant Infections: Its Production and Regulation

By J. Costerton, L. Montanaro, C. R. Arciola. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2005

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Biofilm formation in Staphylococcus implant infections. A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm-resistant materials. (2012, background): “However, based on in vitro experimental models, biofilm formation is classically viewed as a four-step process: 1) initial attachment of bacterial cells; 2) cell aggregation and accumulation in multiple cell layers; 3) biofilm maturation and 4) detachment of cells from the biofilm into a planktonic ”
Interactions and competition within the microbial community of the human colon: links between diet and health. (2007, background): “Mature biofilms involving co-aggregation between different species and extracellular matrix material are known to develop on inert surfaces such as tooth surfaces and catheters (Costerton et al., 2005).”