Non-binary or genderqueer genders

By C. Richards, W. Bouman, L. Seal, M. Barker, T. Nieder, G. T’Sjoen. International Review of Psychiatry, 2016

679 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Abstract Some people have a gender which is neither male nor female and may identify as both male and female at one time, as different genders at different times, as no gender at all, or dispute the very idea of only two genders. The umbrella terms for such genders are ‘genderqueer’ or ‘non-binary’ genders. Such gender identities outside of the binary of female and male are increasingly being recognized in legal, medical and psychological systems and diagnostic classifications in line with the emerging presence and advocacy of these groups of people. Population-based studies show a small percentage – but a sizable proportion in terms of raw numbers – of people who identify as non-binary. While such genders have been extant historically and globally, they remain marginalized, and as such – while not being disorders or pathological in themselves – people with such genders remain at risk of victimization and of minority or marginalization stress as a result of discrimination. This paper therefore reviews the limited literature on this field and considers ways in which (mental) health professionals may assist the people with genderqueer and non-binary gender identities and/or expressions they may see in their practice. Treatment options and associated risks are discussed.

Subfields: Gender Studies, Social Psychology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0d604aae99779dc6f78a2155471a1ec4390c42f8

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Citations in the corpus

The Birth of Bias: A case study on the evolution of gender bias in an English language model (2022, background): “We recognize that this is an unfortunate simplification (e.g. West and Zimmerman, 1987; Richards et al., 2016) and hope to overcome this limitation in future work.”
The terminology of identities between, outside and beyond the gender binary – A systematic review (2019, background): “However, bodies of individuals who identify outside of the binary vary greatly with many people undergoing gender affirmation treatments and other bodies being intersex from birth (Richards et al., 2016).”
Improving Gender Fairness of Pre-Trained Language Models without Catastrophic Forgetting (2021, background): “One optional term that is already used as a singular pronoun like "they/their" (Darr and Kibbey, 2016; Richards et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2021).”
What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender (2020, background): “…(often referred to as having intersex variations) have anatomies that do not fit the typical dichotomy of female/male according to current medical norms (Lundberg, 2017; Roen, 2019), and thereby also fall outside the traditional sex dichotomy (Nowatzki & Grant, 2011; Richards et al., 2016).”
Endocrine Treatment of Gender‐Dysphoric/Gender‐Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline (2017, neutral): “No evidencebased protocols are available for these groups (151).”
Genderqueer and non-binary genders (2017, background): “…through to those who see themselves as trans but feel that they only want to engage with some elements of ‘conventional’ binary gender transition (see Richards et al., 2015); through to those who have no non-binary or trans identities, but present with some sense of not experiencing themselves as…”
Is Man the Measure of All Things? A Social Cognitive Account of Androcentrism (2018, background): “Terms that explicitly mention both men and women are not without drawbacks; they exclude people who identify as gender nonbinary (Richards et al., 2016) and often position men before women (e.”
Minority Stressors and Psychological Distress in Transgender Individuals (2017, neutral): “The model was then tested controlling for several variables, which were chosen as they are thought to influence both mental health and the experience of minority stressors (Bockting et al., 2013; Gamarel et al., 2014; Hendricks & Testa, 2012; Meyer, 2003; Richards et al., 2016).”
Mitigating Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing: Literature Review (2019, background): “Non-binary genders (Richards et al., 2016) as well as racial biases have largely been ignored in NLP and should be considered in future work.”
Transgender and anxiety: A comparative study between transgender people and the general population (2017, background): “Transgender identities include women and men who feminize or masculinize their bodies with cross-sex hormone treatment (CHT) and/or gender-confirming surgery (GCS) and other gender-variant individuals who may identify and/or present in a way that is outside the gender dichotomy of man/woman (Richard”
Gender Bias in Machine Translation (2021, methodology): “For the recognition of non-binary groups (Richards et al., 2016), we invite studies on how such modeling could be integrated with neutral strategies (§6).”