Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids.

By I. Modlin, M. Kidd, I. Latich, M. Zikusoka, M. Shapiro. Gastroenterology, 2005

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Exploring the rising incidence of neuroendocrine tumors: A population‐based analysis of epidemiology, metastatic presentation, and outcomes (2015, background): “They exhibit a wide range of clinical behaviors due to the secretion of hormones, most often serotonin, which creates nonspecific but debilitating systemic symptoms such as diarrhea, bronchospasm, flushing, and cardiac valve disease.(2) Despite their identification more than a century ago, NETs rema”
Epigenetics: The Science of Change (2006, background): “As gastroenteropancreatic NETs are rare [9, 13, 14], it is tempting to lump them together and equate all digestive “carcinoids” with the appendiceal “carcinoid,” probably the best known NET with the most benign behavior [28].”
TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system (2007, background): “Given their rarity [10, 14–17], correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are often difficult in nonexpert settings and even for appendiceal “carcinoids,” probably the best known GEP-NETs with the most benign behavior [31].”