THE SINS/zC-SINF SURVEY of z ∼ 2 GALAXY KINEMATICS: OUTFLOW PROPERTIES

By S. Newman, R. Genzel, N. Förster-Schreiber, K. S. Griffin, C. Mancini, S. Lilly, A. Renzini, N. Bouché, A. Burkert, P. Buschkamp and 15 more. 2012

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Using SINFONI Hα, [N ii], and [S ii] AO data of 27 z ∼ 2 star-forming galaxies (SFGs) from the SINS and zC-SINF surveys, we explore the dependence of outflow strength (via the broad flux fraction) on various galaxy parameters. For galaxies that have evidence for strong outflows, we find that the broad emission is spatially extended to at least the half-light radius (∼a few kpc). Decomposition of the [S ii] doublet into broad and narrow components suggests that this outflowing gas probably has a density of ∼10–100 cm−3, less than that of the star-forming gas (600 cm−3). There is a strong correlation of the Hα broad flux fraction with the star formation surface density of the galaxy, with an apparent threshold for strong outflows occurring at 1 M☉ yr−1 kpc−2. Above this threshold, we find that SFGs with log m* > 10 have similar or perhaps greater wind mass-loading factors (η = /SFR) and faster outflow velocities than lower mass SFGs, suggesting that the majority of outflowing gas at z ∼ 2 may derive from high-mass SFGs. The mass-loading factor is also correlated with the star formation rate (SFR), galaxy size, and inclination, such that smaller, more star-forming, and face-on galaxies launch more powerful outflows. We propose that the observed threshold for strong outflows and the observed mass loading of these winds can be explained by a simple model wherein break-out of winds is governed by pressure balance in the disk.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0cdc744c439953eacd6f77eb375248cfaf0bc6c5

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Citations in the corpus

• GAS REGULATION OF GALAXIES: THE EVOLUTION OF THE COSMIC SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATE, THE METALLICITY–MASS–STAR-FORMATION RATE RELATION, AND THE STELLAR CONTENT OF HALOS (2013, background): “Newman et al (2012) have suggested little mass dependence on λ in star-forming galaxies at z ~ 2, above a strong threshold in surface SFR density.”
• The SINS/zC-SINF Survey of z ∼ 2 Galaxy Kinematics: SINFONI Adaptive Optics–assisted Data and Kiloparsec-scale Emission-line Properties (2018, methodology): “However, a broader underlying component attributed to ionized gas outflows discovered in our SINS/zC-SINF galaxies and driven by star formation and/or an AGN (Shapiro et al. 2009; Genzel et al. 2011, 2014b; Newman et al. 2012b,a; Förster Schreiber et al. 2014) is thus not taken into account.”
• Feedback-regulated star formation in molecular clouds and galactic discs (2013, background): “7) and nearly all the gas is in molec- tected in high-redshift star-forming galaxies (Genzel et al. 2011; Newman et al. 2012), suggesting that stellar feedback is effective at dispersing them.”
• First results from the TNG50 simulation: galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback (2019, background): “Outflows derived from emission lines also face difficulties, particularly in the decomposition of narrow and broad-line components, inclination corrections, the treatment of the complex underlying ISM kinematics, and the diverse excitation mechanisms for nebular lines (Newman et al. 2012).”
• Ionized gas outflows and global kinematics of low-z luminous star-forming galaxies (2014, methodology): “There have been recent claims of a strong dependence of the outflows on the star formation surface density in high-z starforming galaxies (Newman et al. 2012).”
• FAST MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS IN LUMINOUS GALAXY MERGERS: EVIDENCE FOR QUASAR FEEDBACK FROM HERSCHEL (2013, background): “…formation rate (SFR) densities show signatures of outflows, both locally and at high redshifts (e.g., Heckman 2002; Veilleux, Cecil, & Bland-Hawthorn 2005; Chen et al. 2010; Weiner et al. 2009; Steidel et al. 2010; Kornei et al. 2012; Martin et al. 2012; Newman et al. 2012 and references therein).”
• Theoretical Challenges in Galaxy Formation (2016, background): “Even at high redshift the launching sites of star formation driven (Newman et al. 2012b) and AGN driven (Genzel et al. 2014) winds can now be resolved with modern instruments.”
• UNLEASHING POSITIVE FEEDBACK: LINKING THE RATES OF STAR FORMATION, SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE ACCRETION, AND OUTFLOWS IN DISTANT GALAXIES (2013, background): “These are observed to be initiated at high pressures and associated mass loading (Newman et al. 2012).”
• The cosmic baryon cycle and galaxy mass assembly in the FIRE simulations (2016, background): “E-mail: anglesd@northwestern.edu bursts to high redshift galaxies (Martin 2005; Rupke et al. 2005; Veilleux et al. 2005; Weiner et al. 2009; Steidel et al. 2010; Martin et al. 2012; Newman et al. 2012; Heckman et al. 2015).”
• PHIBSS: MOLECULAR GAS CONTENT AND SCALING RELATIONS IN z ∼ 1–3 MASSIVE, MAIN-SEQUENCE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2012, background): “These models have winds with high mass loading ( / ~1windM SFR ), consistent with recent observations (Erb 2008, Genzel et al. 2011, Newman et al. 2012).”
• EVIDENCE FOR WIDE-SPREAD ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS-DRIVEN OUTFLOWS IN THE MOST MASSIVE z ∼ 1–2 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES (2014, methodology): “…journal.) nuclear and outer disk components at log(M∗/M ) = 9.4–10.9 reflect largely the same physical process, namely modest outflow velocity (∼200 km s−1) winds driven by massive stars and supernovae throughout the entire galaxy, as discussed in Genzel et al. (2011) and Newman et al. (2012).”
• Metallicity evolution, metallicity gradients, and gas fractions at z ~ 3.4 (2013, background): “However, in high-z star forming galaxies the typical “load factor” ( fo) measured by observations is generally about one, or a few (Steidel et al. 2010; Genzel et al. 2011; Newman et al. 2012).”
• THE LONG LIVES OF GIANT CLUMPS AND THE BIRTH OF OUTFLOWS IN GAS-RICH GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT (2013, background): “Observed outflows and stellar populations The recently detected outflows in giant clumps at z ≈ 2 have gas outflow rates of ≈ 1-2 ×SFR, with perhaps extreme cases up to 8×SFR (Genzel et al. 2011, Newman et al. 2012a).”
• Neutral hydrogen in galaxy haloes at the peak of the cosmic star formation history (2014, background): “…are ubiquitous around star-forming galaxies at all redshifts (e.g., Shapley et al. 2003; Martin 2005; Weiner et al. 2009; Steidel et al. 2010; Newman et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2012; Rubin et al. 2014b) and are believed to play a major role in slowing down the growth of galaxies, at least…”
• Kiloparsec-scale outflows are prevalent among luminous AGN: outflows and feedback in the context of the overall AGN population (2014, background): “These “mass loading” values are typically higher than those observed in star-forming galaxiesbut similar to those seen in luminous AGN, derived from a variety of observations of outflows in different gas phases (e.g., Martin1999; Heckman et al. 2000; Newman et al. 2012; Cicone et al. 2014).”
• THE MOSFIRE DEEP EVOLUTION FIELD (MOSDEF) SURVEY: REST-FRAME OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY FOR ∼1500 H-SELECTED GALAXIES AT 1.37 ≤ z ≤ 3.8 ?> (2014, background): “…grow inside out, but the physical mechanism (e.g., minor mergers, progenitor bias, cold streams and in situ star formation) responsible for the growth is still subject to debate (e.g., van de Sande et al. 2013; Newman et al. 2012a; Carollo et al. 2013; Dutton et al. 2011; van Dokkum et al. 2013).”
• Metallicity gradients in local field star-forming galaxies: insights on inflows, outflows, and the coevolution of gas, stars and metals (2015, background): “…(z > 1) have provided evidences that galaxies in the early Universe undergo many, perhaps intermittent, accretion events, immense star formation and outflows (e.g.,Tacconi et al. 2010, 2013; Weiner et al. 2009; Steidel et al. 2010; Genzel et al. 2011; Newman et al. 2012; Genzel et al. 2014).”
• The SILCC (SImulating the LifeCycle of molecular Clouds) project - II. Dynamical evolution of the supernova-driven ISM and the launching of outflows (2015, background): “Observations reveal that gas is ejected from the disc at velocities of a few 100 km s−1 with mass loading factors (ratio of outflowing to star-forming gas) of order unity and above (see, e.g. Chen et al. 2010; Martin et al. 2012; Newman et al. 2012; Martin et al. 2013).”