Nuclear targeting of gold nanoparticles in cancer cells induces DNA damage, causing cytokinesis arrest and apoptosis.

By Bin Kang, M. Mackey, M. El-Sayed. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2010

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Gold nanoparticles as novel agents for cancer therapy. (2012, background): “While some studies have shown no cellular toxicity, other in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated cellular reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial toxicity, cytokine release, apoptosis and necrosis [12, 21–27].”
Introduction to metallic nanoparticles (2010, methodology): “In order to selectively transport the AuNPs into the cancer cell nucleus, they conjugated arginine−glycine−aspartic acid peptide (RGD) and a nuclear localization signal peptide (NLS) to a 30-nm AuNPs via PEG.”
An overview of active and passive targeting strategies to improve the nanocarriers efficiency to tumour sites (2019, background): “AuNPs sizing at 30 nm, decorated with PEG (for increasing the NPs circulation in bloodstream) and peptides (RGD and nuclear-targeted peptide) were shown to selectively disturb the division of cancer cells, resulting in cytokinesis arrest and resulting in apoptosis.([83]) Additionally, NPs made with ”
Gold nanoparticles for applications in cancer radiotherapy: Mechanisms and recent advancements☆ (2017, background): “El-Sayed's group investigated the cell cycle effects of nuclear-targeted AuNPs in a number of studies, and reported an increase in the sub-G1 population [105, 106].”