Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists

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A Comparative Review of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression and Functionality in Different Animal Species (2014, background): “TLR4 specifically recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its activation mainly leads to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (1, 2).”
Pathogen Recognition and Inflammatory Signaling in Innate Immune Defenses (2009, background): “Furthermore, an association between genetic variants of IRF5, which is involved in regulating IFN- production, and SLE in multiple ethnic groups has now been established (105, 183, 358).”
Targeting PI3K/Akt signal transduction for cancer therapy (2021, background): “TLRs TLRs are expressed in immune and nonimmune cells and are important in cancer progression.(55,56) TLRs can identify conserved microbial motifs in bacterial lipopolysaccharides (recognized by TLR4) and single- or double-stranded RNA (identified by TLR3).”
Ischemia and reperfusion—from mechanism to translation (2011, background): “Accordingly, antagonists for TLR receptors are currently under developmen”