Red deer Cervus elephus vigilance behaviour differs with habitat and type of human disturbance

By S. Jayakody, A. Sibbald, I. Gordon, X. Lambin. 2008

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Do bears know they are being hunted (2012, background): “This has been suggested for a variety of species (e.g. Madsen, 1998; Bregnballe et al., 2004; Jayakody et al., 2008; Theuerkauf and Rouys, 2008; Casas et al., 2009).”
Large carnivore impacts are context-dependent (2017, background): “The positive (Kilgo et al. 1998; Kloppers et al. 2005; Leighton et al. 2010) or negative (Hebblewhite et al. 2005; Jayakody et al. 2008; Pelletier 2006) nature of this disturbance however depends entirely on management perspective (Reimoser 2003).”
Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area (2011, background): “The impact of human activities on wildlife, and of hunting in particular, is often complex and varies in space and across time, although its actual effects are still poorly understood (Blumstein et al., 2005; Jayakody et al., 2008; Stankowich, 2008).”
Flock size and human disturbance affect vigilance of endangered red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) (2011, background): “Nevertheless, some studies have found a general increase in vigilance in more disturbed environments (Manor and Saltz, 2003; Constantine et al., 2004; Randler, 2006; Jayakody et al., 2008; Benhaiem et al., 2008).”