Wnts and Hedgehogs: lipid-modified proteins and similarities in signaling mechanisms at the cell surface

By R. Nusse. 2003

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LDL receptor-related proteins 5 and 6 in Wnt/β-catenin signaling: Arrows point the way (2004, background): “Since the discovery of Wnt1 as an oncogene that causes mouse mammary tumorigenesis (Nusse and Varmus, 1982), the Wnt gene family, which includes 19 members in the human genome, has been found in all animal species examined.”
Functions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in cell signaling during development (2004, background): “In sgl and sfl mutant embryos, both Htl and Btl signaling are defective, demonstrating the essential role of HSPGs in FGF signaling in development (Lin et al., 1999; Nybakken and Perrimon, 2002).”
Monounsaturated fatty acid modification of Wnt protein: its role in Wnt secretion. (2006, background): “One important step regulating the extracellular transport of various secreted signal proteins, including Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), and Spitz (Drosophila Transforming Growth Factor a), involves posttranslational modification with lipid moieties (Mann and Beachy, 2004; Miura et al., 2006; Nusse, 2003).”