Interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) are elevated in patients with major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.

By Yang Liu, Roger Ho, A. Mak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2012

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Cumulative meta-analysis of interleukins 6 and 1β, tumour necrosis factor α and C-reactive protein in patients with major depressive disorder (2015, methodology): “Gender (female/male) Age (cases/controls) Depression diagnosis and severity scale Country Quality score Basterzi AD et al., 2005 1 Outpatients IL-6 46 (23/23) 40/6 33.8 ± 12.8 / 33.6 ± 12.5 DSM-IV, HAM-D Turkey 5 Carvalho LA et al., 2013 2 Inpatients IL-6, IL-10, IL-4, MCP-1 40 (19/21) 28/12 49.05 ±”
Insulin resistance: Genetic associations with depression and cognition in population based cohorts (2019, neutral): “For example, previous literature implicates low grade inflammation (Liu et al., 2012) as well as activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis and of the sympathetic nervous system (Chrousos, 2000; Weber-Hamann et al.”
A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China (2020, positive): “22 These cytokines were commonly found to be increased in major depressive disorder 23, 24 and functional somatic syndromes 25 .”