Racism and Sexism as Correlates of African American Women’s Psychological Distress

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Multiple Oppressions and the Mental Health of Sexual Minority Latina/o Individuals (2015, background): “In yet more studies, the external–internalized oppression link was nonsignificant for one dimension of identity (e.g., sexual orientation) but significant and small in magnitude for another identity (e.g., race; Szymanski & Gupta, 2009b; Szymanski & Stewart, 2010).”
Gendered Racism, Coping, Identity Centrality, and African American College Women’s Psychological Distress (2016, background): “For example, two studies (Moradi & Subich, 2003; Szymanski & Stewart, 2010) found that greater sexist and racist discrimination were significantly related to higher levels of psychological distress, at the bivariate level, in a sample of African American women.”
When Do We Confront? Perceptions of Costs and Benefits Predict Confronting Discrimination on Behalf of the Self and Others (2012, background): “…(Becker & Swim, 2011; Swim, Hyers, Cohen, Fitzgerald, & Bylsma, 2003) and is a source of considerable psychological stress (Fischer & Holz, 2010; Klonoff, Landrine, & Campbell, 2000; Szymanski & Stewart, 2010), very few targets of discrimination actually confront experienced discrimination.”