Experimental study of the dynamical coupling between the induced vapour plume and the melt pool for Nd–Yag CW laser welding

By R. Fabbro, S. Slimani, I. Doudet, F. Coste, F. Briand. 2006

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Investigation of keyhole plume and molten pool based on a three-dimensional dynamic model with sharp interface formulation (2013, background): “The gas flow can bring in an external mechanical force, which can alter the flow pattern in both the keyhole and the molten pool [1, 2].”
Effect of Laser-Matter Interaction on Molten Pool Flow and Keyhole Dynamics (2019, methodology): “Optical imaging has been used most frequently to observe the keyhole dynamics from the top-view [3, 5, 6, 7, 8] and side-view [9, 10, 11].”
A new approach to compute multi-reflections of laser beam in a keyhole for heat transfer and fluid flow modelling in laser welding (2013, methodology): “To prevent these defects, various methods have proven to be effective, such as pulse modulated welding [5] or the presence of a side gas flow [7–9].”
Melt pool and keyhole behaviour analysis for deep penetration laser welding (2010, result): “variations has already confirmed this result [5].”
Spatter formation in selective laser melting process using multi-laser technology (2017, background): “While low recoil pressure facilitates the flattening of the molten pools in SLM, high recoil pressure causes the molten material to be removed by melt expulsion [20,21].”