Melt pool and keyhole behaviour analysis for deep penetration laser welding

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Effect of welding parameters on morphology and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V laser beam welded butt joints (2012, background): “…for the first time to author’s knowledge, for Ti–6Al–4V. ynthesizing different explanations so far proposed, and in paricular referring to Aalderink et al. (2007) and Fabbro (2010), the ollowing explanation of the underfill trend in dependence of the elding speed and laser power is now proposed.”
Experimental analysis of spatter generation and melt-pool behavior during the powder bed laser beam melting process (2018, background): “In such a regime, widely investigated by Fabbro (2010), using a sufficiently high energy density to vaporize the metal surface, the laser beam is entrapped in the material volume, through multi-reflections on the walls of a vapor capillary.”
A new approach to compute multi-reflections of laser beam in a keyhole for heat transfer and fluid flow modelling in laser welding (2013, methodology): “Experimental observations have revealed that the interaction between vapour jet and melt pool surface has a significant impact on the shapes of the weld joint, as shown by highspeed camera observation [3].”
Mechanism of keyhole pore formation in metal additive manufacturing (2021, background): “Among various pore defects, the porosity under the keyhole mode melting [11, 14] is a ubiquitous defect in both laser welding [15] and laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and has attracted broad attention [9, 16, 17].”