Close approaches by vessels elicit surface active behaviors by southern resident killer whales

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The Negative Impacts of Whale-Watching (2012, unknown): “Killer whale, Orcinus orca [48]”
Estimated field metabolic rates and prey requirements of resident killer whales (2011, background): “…that identified the proportion of time Northeast Pacific resident killer whales were engaged in each activity state in addition to the average swimming speed for each activity state (Northern Residents from Ford 1989, Southern Residents from Noren et al. 2009 and D. Noren, unpublished data).”
The Effects of Ship Noise on Marine Mammals—A Review (2019, background): “…1 µ Pa rms (0.01–50 kHz), and the Lombard eﬀect (i.e., increased source level and vocalization duration) has been reported in ship noise levels above 98 dB re 1 µ Pa rms (1–40 kHz) (Foote et al., 2004; Holt et al., 2009, 2011; Lusseau et al., 2009; Noren et al., 2009; Williams et al., 2002, 2014).”
Species and stock identification of prey consumed by endangered southern resident killer whales in their summer range (2010, background): “…impact this population, including chemical contamination, threats from potential oil spills, a small population size (Krahn et al. 2002) and auditory (Holt et al. 2009) or behavioral disturbance from boat traffic in their summer range (Lusseau et al. 2009, Noren et al. 2009, Williams et al. 2009).”