Role of incretin hormones in the regulation of insulin secretion in diabetic and nondiabetic humans.

By Jens J. Holst, J. Gromada. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2004

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From the Triumvirate to the Ominous Octet: A New Paradigm for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2009, background): “In addition to deficiency of GLP-1, there is resistance to the stimulatory effect of GLP-1 on insulin secretion (106,107).”
Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease (2018, background): “ß cells have GIP and GLP-1 receptors in their cell membranes, which, once stimulated by the binding of their respective ligands, are coupled to adenylate cyclase, which enhances cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) production and thus activates protein kinase A.(25) This pathway cannot initiate the ”
The Role of Incretins in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes Treatment (2008, background): “, 2003a) glucose concentrations, resulting from increase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, decrease of glucagon secretion and slowing of gastric emptying (Gutniak et al., 1992; Nauck et al., 1993b; Holst and Gromada, 2004).”
Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2006, background): “Following ingestion of a meal, incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP), attenuate the post-meal rise in glucose concentration and reduce fasting glucose concentrations [2].”