Hands-on and hands-off measurement of stress.

By C. Cook, D. Mellor, P. Harris, J. Ingram, L. Matthews. 2000

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Hormones as indicators of stress. (2002, background): “One has to consider that sample collection, which often involves confinement or handling of animals may by itself be stressful and may confound the results [21,22].”
Current status and future directions of applied behavioral research for animal welfare and conservation (2007, background): “Possible signs of stress include startle or defense responses, avoidance, suppression of feeding and sexual behavior, aggression, stereotypic behavior, lack of responsiveness or apathy, decreased complexity of behavior, and the time required to resume normal activity after a stressor (Carlstead and ”