The use of triangulation in qualitative research.

By Nancy Carter, D. Bryant-Lukosius, Alba DiCenso, J. Blythe, A. Neville. Oncology Nursing Forum, 2014

3,373 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Triangulation refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in qualitative research to develop a comprehensive understanding of phenomena (Patton, 1999). Triangulation also has been viewed as a qualitative research strategy to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources. Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identified four types of triangulation: (a) method triangulation, (b) investigator triangulation, (c) theory triangulation, and (d) data source triangulation. The current article will present the four types of triangulation followed by a discussion of the use of focus groups (FGs) and in-depth individual (IDI) interviews as an example of data source triangulation in qualitative inquiry.

Subfields: Education, Sociology and Political Science

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/07279b45ea4019cfc6ae5efba1bae0d48b9c672f

How researchers see this paper

The researchers whose trusted networks rank it highest, strongest advocate first. Every researcher gets a different order.

In Education

In Sociology and Political Science

Citations in the corpus

“It’s Kind of Like Code-Switching”: Black Older Adults’ Experiences with a Voice Assistant for Health Information Seeking (2021, methodology): “those questions [19, 62], providing a more clear picture of the types of questions Black older adults desired to ask and the natural ways they would pose those questions to online devices.”
A hands-on guide to doing content analysis (2017, background): “Have you identified the same meaning units? Do you agree on coding? See similar patterns in the data? Concur on categories? Sometimes referred to as ‘‘researcher triangulation,” this is actually a key element in qualitative analysis and an important component when striving to ensure trustworthiness ”
Soft Skills Needed for the 21st-Century Workforce (2019, methodology): “The data triangulation process takes place through the collection of multiple sources of information that are analyzed (Aubin-Auger et al., 2013; Carter et al., 2014; Lin, Wu, & Tsai, 2012).”
Mixed-Methods Research: A Discussion on its Types, Challenges, and Criticisms (2021, positive): “Triangulation, as a qualitative research strategy, is the use of multiple methods or data sources to develop a comprehensive understanding of a research problem or to test validity through the convergence of information from different sources (Carter et al., 2014).”