Exposure to Online Hate among Young Social Media Users

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Hate Speech Detection: A Solved Problem? The Challenging Case of Long Tail on Twitter (2018, background): “relates to record spikes of hate crimes [34, 44], and cases of threats to public safety due to its nature of inciting hate crimes, such as that followed the Finsbury van attack [4].”
Cyber-hate on social media in the aftermath of Woolwich (2015, background): “Keywords: Cyberhate, hate crime, social media, computational criminology, big data”
Hate Knows No Boundaries: Online Hate in Six Nations (2020, background): “A growing body of literature (e.g., Costello, Hawdon, and Cross 2017; Costello, Rukus, and Hawdon 2018; Hawdon, Bernatzky, and Costello 2019; Hawdon, Oksanen, and Räsänen 2014, 2017; Keipi et al. 2017; Oksanen et al. 2014; Räsänen et al. 2016) indicates that exposure increases as users”
Deep Learning for Text Style Transfer: A Survey (2020, background): “For example, research shows that cyberbullying victims tend to have more stress and suicidal ideation (Kowalski et al. 2014), and also detachment from family and offline victimization (Oksanen et al. 2014).”