The Raf/MEK/ERK pathway: new concepts of activation

By C. Peyssonnaux, A. Eychène. Biology of the Cell, 2001

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BRAF mutation is associated with DNA methylation in serrated polyps and cancers of the colorectum (2004, background): “23 24 27 In all of the human cancers surveyed, the most common mutation identified was a V599E amino acid substitution that mimics phosphorylation at T598 and S601 and results in constitutive kinase activation.”
BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. (2005, background): “When constitutively activated, the MAP kinase pathway leads to tumorigenesis (Peyssonnaux & Eychene 2001, Hilger et al. 2002).”
High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma. (2003, background): “In addition, BRAF has higher affinity for MEK1 and MEK2, and is more efficient in phosphorylating MEKs than other RAF isoforms (11).”
Mutations in BRAF and KRAS characterize the development of low-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. (2003, background): “Similarly, activating mutations in codons 12 and 13 of KRAS occur frequently in carcinomas and result in constitutive activation of KRAS that contributes to tumorigenesis ( 1 ).”
Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer (2002, background): “The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK–MAP kinase pathway mediates cellular responses to growth signal”