Cross-cultural tourist behaviour: a replication and extension involving Hofstede's uncertainty avoidance dimension.

By S. W. Litvin, John C. Crotts, Frank Hefner. 2004

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Exploring the cognitive–affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation (2008, background): “High uncertainty avoidance cultures are not comfortable with unfamiliar situations, whereas low uncertainty avoidance cultures are supposed to accept risk (Litvin et al., 2004).”
Place-Oriented or People-Oriented Concepts for Destination Loyalty: Destination Image and Place Attachment versus Perceived Distances and Emotional Solidarity (2021, background): “…(Ahn and McKercher 2015), and in more abstract terms such as cultural distance (Boylu, Tasci, and Gartner 2009; Crotts 2004; Kastenholz 2010; Litvin, Crotts, and Hefner 2004) or social distance (Joo et al. 2018; Thyne, Watkins, and Yoshida 2018; Yilmaz and Tasci 2015) between tourists and…”
Tourism Risk and Uncertainty (2015, background): “The former includes seeking advice and information from tacit sources such as family and friends, or face-to-face meetings with travel agents, or codified sources such as websites and guide books, or a combination of these (Litvin, Crotts, and Hefner 2004).”
International Sport Event Participation: Prior Sport Involvement; Destination Image; and Travel Motives (2007, background): “Collectively, findings support and extend the literature suggesting cultural background is an important consideration for understanding tourist motivation and behaviour (Chen, 2000; Litvin et al ., 2004).”