Quantification of the influence of cigarette smoking on rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population based case-control study, using incident cases

By P. Stolt, C. Bengtsson, B. Nordmark, S. Lindblad, I. Lundberg, Lars Klareskog, L. Alfredsson. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2003

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A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. (2006, methodology): “The quantification of smoking has previously been described in detail (5) and was based on the smoking history before first symptoms of arthritis among patients and with regard to a corresponding time point among controls.”
A gene-environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. (2004, background): “Previously we have extensively analyzed the effects of various time courses and dosages of smoking on the risk of RA, as presented in a recently published report (5).”
Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid arthritis in >4,000 samples from North America and Sweden: association of susceptibility with PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4. (2005, methodology): “—Details on the EIRA cohort (Stolt et al. 2003; Padyukov et al. 2004) and NARAC cohort”
Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in multiple sclerosis (2016, neutral): “Seen as a risk factor for both RA([3]) and MS,([4]) smoking was a confounding variable.”