CTCF Binding Polarity Determines Chromatin Looping.

By E. de Wit, E. S. Vos, Sjoerd J. B. Holwerda, Christian Valdes-Quezada, M. Verstegen, Hans Teunissen, Erik Splinter, Patrick J. Wijchers, Peter H. L. Krijger, W. de Laat. Molecules and Cells, 2015

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Topologically associating domains and chromatin loops depend on cohesin and are regulated by CTCF, WAPL, and PDS5 proteins (2017, unknown): “However, high-resolution genome-wide chromatin conformation capture experiments coupled with DNA sequencing (“Hi-C”) (Lieberman-Aiden et al, 2009) have revealed that most chromatin loops contain convergent CTCF sites (Rao et al, 2014; Vietri Rudan et al, 2015; de Wit et al, 2015).”
Cohesin loss eliminates all loop domains (2017, background): “Consistent with this, deletion of CTCF sites interferes with loop and contact domain formation (Guo et al., 2015; Sanborn et al., 2015; de Wit et al., 2015).”
Targeted degradation of CTCF decouples local insulation of chromosome domains from genomic compartmentalization (2017, unknown): “…M anuscript A uthor M anuscript important: inverting a single CTCF site can be enough to rewire the direction of looping and disrupt proper packaging of the underlying chromosomal segment into an insulated TAD (Guo et al., 2015; Lupiáñez et al., 2015; Sanborn et al., 2015; de Wit et al., 2015).”