Analysis of white layers formed in hard turning of AISI 52100 steel

By A. Ramesh, S. Melkote, L. Allard, L. Riester, T. Watkins. 2005

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Enhanced surface integrity of AZ31B Mg alloy by cryogenic machining towards improved functional performance of machined components (2012, background): “This result agrees with the findings that nanocrystallined grains were formed due to DRX in the ‘‘white layer’’ of AISI 52100 steel [4] and IN100 nickel-based superalloy [6] as well as on the machined surfaces of copper [11].”
A review of surface integrity in machining and its impact on functional performance and life of machined products (2008, background): “Results from a recent investigation of white layers produced by PCBN hard turning of AISI 52100 steel (Ramesh et al., 2005) seem to conciliate both interpretations by suggesting the occurrence of martensitic phase transformation at high cutting speeds, while mechanically induced grain refinement occ”
Cryogenic Machining-Induced Surface Integrity: A Review and Comparison with Dry, MQL, and Flood-Cooled Machining (2014, background): “In the machining community, phase transformation has also been considered as one of the important phenomena resulting from the microstructural changes on the surface and subsurface of machined layer that leads to white layer formation in the hard turning process (Akcan et al., 2002; Ramesh et al., 2”