A guide to ions and RNA structure.

By D. Draper. RNA: A publication of the RNA Society, 2004

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Complexity of the Alternative Splicing Landscape in Plants[C][W][OPEN] (2013, background): “…or altered cellular environments (e.g., osmolytes, ion concentration, and temperature) is appealing as it is rapid and may or may not require RBPs. RNA structures are highly sensitive to concentration and types of ions and osmolytes (Draper, 2004; Lambert and Draper, 2007; Mullen et al., 2012).”
Structural Insights into RNA Dimerization: Motifs, Interfaces and Functions (2020, background): “Mg2+ ions play the dual roles of serving as diffuse counter ions that ameliorate the electrostatic stress from juxtaposing densely charged phosphate backbones, as well as bridging specific tertiary contacts in the form of chelated ions [13].”
Alternative RNA Conformations: Companion or Combatant (2022, background): “Both diffused and chelated ions have profound effects on the process of RNA folding into its tertiary structures, where diffused ions accumulate near the RNA due to electrostatic interactions, while chelated ions directly contact specific locations on the RNA [44].”