Utilisation of feed resources in production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway
By T. Ytrestøyl, T. S. Aas, T. Åsgård. 2015
484 citations recorded by the source corpus.
article i nfo In 1990, 90% of the ingredients in Norwegian salmon feed were of marine origin, whereas in 2013 only around 30%. The contents of fish meal and fish oil in the salmon feed were 18% and 11%, respectively, in 2013. Between 2010 and 2013, salmon production in Norway increased by 30%, but due to a lower inclusion of marine ingredientsinthediet,thetotalamountofmarineingredientsusedforsalmonfeedproductionwasreducedfrom 544,000 to 466,000 tonnes. Norwegian salmon farming consumed 1.63 million tonnes of feed ingredients in 2012, containing close to 40 million GJ of energy, 580,000 tonnes of protein and 530,000 tonnes of lipid. 1.26 million tonnes of salmon was produced. Assuming an edible yield of 65%, 820,000 tonnes of salmon fillet, containing 9.44 million GJ, and 156,000 tonnes of protein were produced. The retentions of protein and energy inthe edibleproductin2012were 27% and24%,respectively. Ofthe43,000 tonnes ofEPAand DHAinthesalmon feed in 2012, around 11,000 tonnes were retained in the edible part of salmon. The retentions of EPA and DHA were 46% in whole salmon and 26% in fillets, respectively. The fish in/fish out ratio (FIFO) measures the amount of fish meal and fish oil that is used to produce one weight equivalent of farmed fish back to wild fish weight equiva- lents, and the forage fish dependency ratio (FFDR) is the amount of wild caught fish used to produce the amount of fish meal and fish oil required to produce 1 kg of salmon. From 1990 to 2013, the forage fish dependency ratio for fish meal decreased from 4.4 to 0.7 in Norwegian salmon farming. However, weight-to-weight ratios such as FIFO and FFDR do not account for the different nutrient contents in the salmon product and in the forage fish used for fish meal and fish oil production. Marine nutrient dependency ratios express the amount of marine oil and protein required to produce 1 kg of salmon oil and protein. In 2013, 0.7 kg of marine protein was used to produce 1 kg of salmon protein, so the Norwegian farmed salmon is thus a net producer of marine protein.
Subfields: Aquatic Science, Global and Planetary Change, Immunology
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/027b3bdee88c6ca8b8776dbafb4dcb7a609de559
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Citations in the corpus
- Integrated utilization of microalgae cultured in aquaculture wastewater: wastewater treatment and production of valuable fatty acids and tocopherols (2018, background): “Until 1990, feed ingredients, e.g., in Norwegian salmon industry, were mainly of marine origin, whereas in 2013, the proportion of plant ingredients had increased to 70%, of which 19% were plant oils (Ytrestøyl et al. 2015).”
- Utilization of feed resources in the production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway: An update for 2016 (2019, methodology): “Some of these aspects are also discussed by Ytrestøyl et al. (2015).”
- Evaluation of Filamentous Fungal Biomass Cultivated on Vinasse as an Alternative Nutrient Source of Fish Feed: Protein, Lipid, and Mineral Composition (2019, background): “Fish are the most protein-dependent animal, with a CP (crude protein) retention rate of around 30%, while that of chicken and pig has been measured to be around 25% and 13%, respectively [44].”
- Future availability of raw materials for salmon feeds and supply chain implications: the case of Scottish farmed salmon (2017, methodology): “1 shows the large changes in composition of Norwegian salmon feed since 1990 when c. 90% of the diet came from marine ingredients compared with 29.2% in 2013 (Ytrestøyl et al., 2014, 2015).”
- Total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal does not compromise the gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (2020, background): “8 billion in 2050 (UN, 2017), global food production must maximize the nutritional output for human consumption and minimize the input of resources, with the lowest possible impact on the environment (Ytrestøyl et al., 2015).”
- The Sustainability Conundrum of Fishmeal Substitution by Plant Ingredients in Shrimp Feeds (2019, background): “Additionally, the increasing use of phosphorus, which is a limiting nutrient for food production, raises concerns [23,30,31], while the combination with nitrogen in fertilizers causes eutrophication and dead zones in coastal marine ecosystems [8,31,32].”
- Metabolomics and fish nutrition: a review in the context of sustainable feed development (2018, background): “Currently, the remaining proportion of FM and FO to be substituted in fish feed for carnivorous and especially marine species is only about 10–15% for each of the raw materials (M edale et al. 2013; Ytrestøyl et al. 2015).”
- The development of large scale aquaculture production: A comparison of the supply chains for chicken and salmon (2016, unknown): “12 to be used in the dry-pellet feed, reducing the dependence on marine ingredients and improving control on costs (Kristofersson and Anderson, 2006; Tacon and Metian, 2008; Ytrestøyl et al., 2015; Asche and Oglend, 2016).”
- Sustainable Intensification of Aquaculture through Nutrient Recycling and Circular Economies: More Fish, Less Waste, Blue Growth (2021, background): “Over 4.7MT of by-products are generated from fish processing (Ytrestøyl et al. 2015; FAO 2018; Stevens et al. 2018), and a further 0.5MT from crustaceans and mollusks as carapaces, exoskeletons and shells (FAO 2018).”