New insights into cancer immunoediting and its three component phases — elimination, equilibrium and escape

By D. Mittal, M. Gubin, Robert Schreiber, M. Smyth. Current Opinion in Immunology, 2014

1,411 citations recorded by the source corpus.

The principles of cancer immunoediting have set the foundations for understanding the dual host-protective and tumor sculpting actions of immunity on cancer and establishing the basis for novel individualized cancer immunotherapies. During cancer immunoediting, the host immune system shapes tumor fate in three phases through the activation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In the first phase, Elimination, transformed cells are destroyed by a competent immune system. Sporadic tumor cells that manage to survive immune destruction may then enter an Equilibrium phase where editing occurs. The Escape phase represents the third and final phase of the process, where immunologically sculpted tumors begin to grow progressively, become clinically apparent and establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on important recent developments that have enhanced our understanding of each phase of the cancer immunoediting process, summarizes the discovery of new predictive and prognostic biomarkers and discusses development of novel and objectively effective cancer immunotherapies.

Subfields: Immunology, Oncology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/010d76a71a410b0135d4db838c8b5d023cee2b29

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In Immunology

1. S. Shalapour
2. M. Karin
3. T. Fry
4. R. Ferris
5. C. Mackall
6. L. Emens
7. S. Demaria
8. S. Ghosh

In Oncology

1. S. Shalapour
2. J. Reis-Filho
3. M. Karin
4. A. Richardson
5. S. Maude
6. T. Fry
7. David L. Rimm
8. R. Ferris

Citations in the corpus

• Tumor Interferon Signaling Regulates a Multigenic Resistance Program to Immune Checkpoint Blockade (2016, neutral): “Type I IFN (IFN-I) promotes dendritic cell function and CD8 T cell cross-priming, whereas interferongamma (IFNG), a type II IFN, influences both host and tumor cells to favor rejection of highly immunogenic tumors (Mittal et al., 2014).”
• PD-L1 expression in human cancers and its association with clinical outcomes (2016, neutral): “Cancer immunoediting is a process that consists of immunosurveillance and tumor progression.(2) It has three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.”
• The Interplay of Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy: Harnessing Potential Synergies (2015, background): “This activates the NLRP3 inflammasome, with resulting IL1b secretion and activation of IFNg-secreting CD8þ T cells (8, 12).”
• Immunology and Immunotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer. (2015, background): “Cancer immunoediting suggests a dynamic evolutionary progress whereby immune surveillance of cancers provides selective pressure on tumor cells and negatively selects for cells that can evade the immune system.(19) Thus, successful tumor formation occurs only after the cancer has discovered a means ”
• The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. (2015, background): “This process has been best conceptualized by the cancer immunoediting theory, which is supported by a large body of experimental data and clinical evidence [2].”
• Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Roles and Regulation in the Immune and Tumor Microenvironment (2019, background): “Cancer immunoediting is a process in which both innate and adaptive immune systems work together to suppress/control and promote/shape tumor growth (8).”
• JAK–STAT Signaling as a Target for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases: Current and Future Prospects (2017, background): “Both type I and II IFNs play an important role in the process of immunoediting, which is critical for the anti-tumor immune response [148].”