Pollen flow between herbicide-resistant Brassica napus is the cause of multiple-resistant B. napus volunteers1

By L. Hall, K. Topinka, J. Huffman, L. Davis, A. Good. Weed science, 2000

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Genetic Transformation and Hybridization (2002, unknown): “For integration of the phb operon with plastid expression control elements, the transformation vector pKCZ was used (Zou 2001; Huang et al. 2002).”
An overview of general features of risk assessments of genetically modified crops (2008, background): “by the accumulation of resistance genes resulting from two different spontaneous hybridisation events between three different crop varieties, two GM and one conventional (Hall et al. 2000).”
Gene Flow, Risk Assessment and the Environmental Release of Transgenic Plants (2008, background): “Hall et al. (2000) Pollen-mediated gene flow to up to 800 m and persistence of seed volunteers, combining to lead to survival of double herbicide-resistant varieties.”
Secondary seed dormancy prolongs persistence of volunteer canola in western Canada (2003, background): “Outcrossing of genetically modified canola crops and volunteers already has been documented in western Canada, with one case of multiple resistance to herbicides involving three modes of action (Hall et al. 2000).”
A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada (2006, background): “Multiple-HR canola volunteers were first documented in the late 1990s (Hall et al. 2000).”