Earth system sensitivity inferred from Pliocene modelling and data

By Dan Lunt, A. Haywood, Gavin A. Schmidt, U. Salzmann, Paul Valdes, H. Dowsett. 2010

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Modelling the long-term carbon cycle, atmospheric CO2, and Earth surface temperature from late Neoproterozoic to present day (2019, background): “The long-term climate sensitivity, or Earth System Sensitivity (ESS; Lunt et al., 2010) differs from the shorter term ‘direct’ climate sensitivity (e.g. Charney et al., 1979) by considering additional factors such as changes in land surface albedo, vegetation and hydrology.”
The Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2: large-scale climate features and climate sensitivity (2020, background): “The emergence of the concept of longer-term sensitivity, ESS, can be at least partly attributed to the study of the Pliocene epoch (Lunt et al., 2010; Haywood et al., 2013a).”
Paleoclimate Implications for Human-Made Climate Change (2011, background): “Climate sensitivity including slow feedbacks is now frequently described as “Earth system sensitivity” (Lunt et al. 2010; Pagani et al. 2010; Park and Royer 2011; Royer et al. 2011), but not always with the same definition.”
Young People's Burden: Requirement of Negative CO2 Emissions (2016, unknown): “This vegetation albedo effect provides a signiﬁcant ampliﬁcation of warming as Earth’s temperature increases from its present climate state, because dark forests tend to replace tundra or sparse low-level vegetation in large areas of Eurasia and North America (Lunt et al., 2010).”