From Subsistence to Safety Nets and Cash Income: Exploring the Diverse Values of Non-timber Forest Products for Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation

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Non-timber forest products and their contribution to households income around Falgore Game Reserve in Kano, Nigeria (2017, background): “The increasing demand for NTFPs for subsistence and cash income generation has been reported in many developing countries (Ahenkan and Boon 2011; Shackleton et al. 2011; Steele et al. 2015), aggravated by the poor returns from agriculture and other off-farm income activities.”
The management of tree genetic resources and the livelihoods of rural communities in the tropics: non-timber forest products, smallholder agroforestry practices and tree commodity crops (2014, background): “…trade and bartering that occurs in unmonitored local markets, direct household provisioning without products entering markets at all, and the fact that wild-harvested resources are excluded from many large-scale rural household surveys (Angelsen et al., 2011; Shackleton et al., 2007, 2011).”