The Ecology of Fertilization in Free-Spawning Invertebrates

By D. Levitan. 2020

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Adaptive maternal and paternal effects: gamete plasticity in response to parental stress (2014, background): “…have external fertilization, and their gametes will face all the challenges and stresses associated with variable environments, but do so at much smaller sizes, and often with only the simplest mechanisms for coping with stress relative to the offspring of internal fertilizers (Levitan 1995).”
Life-history patterns in serpulimorph polychaetes: ecological and evolutionary perspectives (2000, background): “It has been suggested that low fertilisation rates resulting from gamete dilution may constrain reproductive success in free-spawning organisms (Levitan 1995).”
Patterns and prediction of population recovery in marine reserves (2000, background): “Depensation is possible when the number of eggs fertilised (by copulation) or fertilisation rate (broadcast spawning) are positive functions of density (Levitan et al., 1992; Quinn et al., 1993; Levitan, 1995; Appeldoorn, 1995; Levitan and Sewell, 1998; Babcock and Keesing, 1999).”