Rapid evolution of the neutralizing antibody response to HIV type 1 infection

By D. Richman, T. Wrin, S. Little, Christos J. Petropoulos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2003

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Distribution and three-dimensional structure of AIDS virus envelope spikes (2006, background): “The MPER is the most highly conserved region in the transmembrane glycoprotein(27) and has been proposed to serve as (1) a flexible extender(8), (2) a contributor to trimer formation and stability(31,32), and (3) an agent for membrane destabilization that fosters membrane fusion(27).”
Human Circulating PD-1+CXCR3−CXCR5+ Memory Tfh Cells Are Highly Functional and Correlate with Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibody Responses (2013, positive): “It is likely that antigen load and a recursive process of antibody mutation and virus escape (Richman et al., 2003) provide the basis for the process of antibody epitope honing to the most conserved HIV envelope epitopes (Liao et al., 2013).”
Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a Potent, Orally Bioavailable, and Selective Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 with Broad-Spectrum Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity (2005, methodology): “from 200 HIV-1 clinical isolates using a method described previously (39).”
Initial B-Cell Responses to Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Virion-Binding Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Antibodies Followed by Plasma Anti-gp41 Antibodies with Ineffective Control of Initial Viremia (2008, background): “Autologous neutralizing antibodies target envelope variable loops (46, 49, 50, 60) that can arise long after any window of opportunity to extinguish HIV-1 has passed.”