Epitaxial graphene on ruthenium.

By P. Sutter, J. Flege, E. Sutter. Nature Materials, 2008

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Wafer-Scale Growth of Single-Crystal Monolayer Graphene on Reusable Hydrogen-Terminated Germanium (2014, background): “There were no satellite spots commonly observed for graphene epitaxially grown on a metal surface (12), suggesting the absence of interlayer bonding between graphene and the underlying Ge surface.”
General overview of graphene: Production, properties and application in polymer composites (2017, methodology): “[40-43], and graphene formed from un-zipping 4 of carbon nanotubes[44-46], solvothermal synthesis [47], organic synthesis [48], chemical 5 vapor deposition methods (CVD) [49-51], and synthesis of graphene from graphite oxide via 6 oxidation of graphite [52-56].”
Graphene Photonics and Optoelectroncs (2010, background): “, segregation by heat treatment of carbon-containing substrate”